IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON WATER QUALITY AND ITS HEALTH IMPLICATIONS IN PARTS OF MINNA METROPOLIS, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
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ABSTRACT
This work assessed the impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality and its health implications in parts of Minna Metropolis. The study analyzed physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of water from various sources which include Boreholes, Hand Dug Wells and Water Vendors. The study collected twelve water samples of which the parameters analyzed were pH, Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Phosphate, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Escherichia Coli (E.Coli), Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The study equally examined the level of residents access to potable water supply in the study area, evaluated the health implications of consuming contaminated water and compared laboratory analyses of water parameters with Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization(WHO). Water quality parameters were analyzed using standard method. The study used simple summary statistics which include mean, range and percentages. The results were presented in tables and graphs. The results showed that the pH for all the water sampled were within both NSDWQ and WHO range of 6.5-8.5. Hardness ranged from 40-500mg/l in all the twelve water sampled. Seven water samples out of twelve were above the 150mg/l NSDWQ threshold, while five were within the limit. Dissolved oxygen in all the water sampled were below both NSDWQ and WHO threshold of 10mg/l and 5mg/l. Biological oxygen demand of all the water sampled equally fell below both NSDWQ and WHO limit of 6mg/l and ≥6mg/l, respectively. Nitrate concentrations in all the water sampled were below 50mg/l WHO threshold, while Nitrite concentrations in all the water sampled were above the 0.2mg/l Nigerian Industrial Standard threshold. Bacteriological analysis revealed that majority of the water sampled were contaminated by bacteria which include E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium. For instance, Ten out of 12 water samples were contaminated by E. coli. Three out of 12 water samples were contaminated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while Nine out of 12 water samples were contaminated by Salmonella typhimurium. Human activities identified as contributors to water contamination include concrete blocks making industries, trading such as selling of water by vendors popularly known as (Mairuwa), refuse dump sites, sewage, sinking of Boreholes near septic tanks. The results equally showed that the residents had reasonable access to domestic water supply. This was however attributed to the proliferations of both private and commercial Boreholes in the study area. The results also showed that there is prevalence of water-borne diseases as revealed by both respondents and hospital records. Hospital records revealed that 344 cases of typhoid, 1294 diarrhea, 1882 dysentery and 25 cases of ringworm were reported and recorded in 2018. Owing to contamination of most of the water sampled by bacteria, it was concluded that most of the water sources are not safe for drinking. It was observed and concluded that anthropogenic activities surrounding the water sources contributed to the contamination of the water sources. The study recommended that existing policies on water quality control should be strengthened in order to safeguard public health; Governments at all levels should be organizing sensitization workshops and public awareness programmes on the importance of consuming safe drinking water.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
